8 decades) was basically randomized so you’re able to day-after-day calcium supplementation (step 1,200 milligrams) to have couple of years. While you are no increase in the risk to own prostate cancers might have been advertised during the good 10.3-12 months go after-right up, calcium supplements supplements resulted in a significant chance lack of that point spanning of 24 months once procedures started to two years immediately following therapy finished (150). Into the a review of the latest literary works penned in ’09, the united states Department to possess Medical care Search and you can Top quality revealed that perhaps not all the epidemiological training receive an association between calcium consumption and you can prostate cancer (151). Brand new opinion stated that 6 off eleven observational degree unsuccessful to locate mathematically extreme positive connections ranging from prostate cancers and you can calcium supplements consumption. But really, during the five education, day-after-day consumption out of 921 to help you 2,100 mg out-of calcium were seen to be of a keen improved likelihood of development prostate cancer tumors when comparing to intakes starting regarding 455 to just one,100000 mg/date (151). Inconsistencies certainly one of training highly recommend complex interactions between your chance circumstances having prostate disease, and additionally reflect the issues out-of assessing the outcome away from calcium consumption for the 100 % free-traditions somebody. Including, the fact individuals with high dairy and you will/or calcium supplements consumption was indeed discovered to be likely to end up being engaged in healthy life-style or higher attending look for medical attention can also be decrease the new mathematical significance of a link that have prostate cancers chance (152).

Perform calcium supplements increase the chance to have cardiovascular illnesses?

Multiple observational knowledge and you can randomized regulated examples have increased inquiries out-of the potential adverse effects regarding calcium supplements into cardiovascular chance. The analysis of data in the Kuopio Weakening of bones Exposure Foundation and you will Reduction (OSTPRE) potential study discovered that profiles of calcium supplements amongst ten,555 Finnish lady (years 52-62 many years) had an excellent fourteen% higher risk of creating coronary artery disease compared to the non-supplement pages throughout the an indicate follow-up out of 6.75 many years (153). The target study of 23,980 professionals (35-64 years of age) of your own Heidelberg cohort of your Eu Prospective Data on the https://datingranking.net/fr/sites-erotiques/ Cancers and you can Nutrients cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg) observed you to extra calcium consumption is certainly of this exposure off myocardial infarction (stroke) although not towards threat of heart attack or heart disease (CVD)-relevant mortality immediately after an indicate realize-right up out-of 11 many years (154). Yet, making use of calcium (?eight hundred milligrams/date against. 0 mg/day) is of the an increased risk of CVD-related death inside the 219,059 men, although not within the 169,170 female, as part of the Federal Institute of Fitness (NIH)-AARP Diet and Fitness investigation and then followed getting an indicate months regarding twelve ages. CVD death during the men has also been seen to be somewhat higher with overall (weight loss along with extra) calcium supplements consumption of 1,five-hundred milligrams/time and you can above (155).

Until the matchmaking ranging from calcium supplements and you can prostate malignant tumors is actually made clear, it’s realistic for males to consume a maximum of step one,one hundred thousand to a single,two hundred mg/day of calcium supplements (dieting and drugs joint), which is needed by the Food and Diet Panel of your Institute away from Drug (get a hold of RDA) (9)

In addition, the secondary analyses of two randomized placebo-controlled trials initially designed to assess the effect of calcium on bone health outcomes also suggested an increased risk of CVD in participants daily supplemented with 1,000 mg of calcium for five to seven years (156, 157). In the Auckland Calcium Study of 1,471 healthy postmenopausal women (ages ?55 years), calcium supplementation resulted in increased risks of myocardial infarction and of a composite cardiovascular endpoint, including myocardial infarction, stroke, or sudden death (156). The analysis of data from 36,282 healthy postmenopausal women randomized to receive a combination of calcium (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin D (400 IU/day) or a placebo in the Women’s Health Initiative/Calcium-Vitamin D supplementation study (WHI/CaD study) initially reported no adverse effect on any cardiovascular endpoints with calcium (and vitamin D) compared to placebo (158). A re-analysis was performed with data from 16,718 women who did not take personal calcium supplements (outside protocol) during the five-year study (157). Although criticized on the approach taken (134, 159), the investigators estimated that women supplemented with calcium and vitamin D had a 16% increased risk of clinical myocardial infarction or stroke and a 21% increased risk of myocardial infarction compared to those who received a placebo (157). However, in another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial – the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome (CAIFOS) study – in elderly women (median age, 75.1 years), the supplementation of 1,200 mg/day of calcium for five years was not found to increase the risk of vascular disease or related mortality (160). The WHI/CaD data re-analysis also failed to show an increased risk of mortality due to myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease with calcium therapy (156). Also, after an additional follow-up of 4.5 years at the end of the treatment period in the CAIFOS trial, the investigators reported fewer cases of heart failure-related deaths with supplemental calcium compared to placebo (160). In another randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium and/or vitamin D₃ (RECORD trial), the evaluation of the effect of 1,000 mg/day of calcium (alone or with 800 IU/day of vitamin D) reported no significant increase in the rate of mortality due to vascular disease in 5,292 participants ages 70 years and older (161). A recent cross-sectional analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) evaluated the association between calcium intakes and cardiovascular mortality in 18,714 adults with no history of heart disease. No evidence of an association was observed between dietary calcium intake, supplemental calcium intake, or total calcium intake and cardiovascular mortality in either men or women (162).